Chromium is a very hard and shiny silvery metal and has many colorful compounds. Kimura, T. (2007). Hexavalent chromium compounds have been shown . They are carcinogenic and allergenic. Hexavalent and trivalent chromium in leather: What should be done? Two cells were fabricated and poisoned under identical conditions by operating them at 800 °C in the presence of a Cr source. Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 380-380. Br J Ind Med. Guertin, J. In occupational settings, the most commonly reported effects of chronic chromium exposure are contact dermatitis and irritation and ulceration of the nasal mucosa. The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: a review. (2015). The complications of Chromium Toxicity could include: Coma and death can take place from oral ingestion of chromium. Epub 2015 Sep 8. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is one of the valence states (+6) of the element chromium. Oxidative damage and metabolic disorders of organisms caused by heavy metals could be antagonized by nano-Se (nano-selenium). Alcedo, J. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Metal Hip Replacements. Exposure could happen through the mouth, excessive inhalation, or through the skin after contact. Chromium poisoning is one of the primary factors that affect solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) durability. Chromium (Cr) vapor species from chromia-forming alloy interconnects are known to cause cathode performance degradation in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Symptoms and physical findings associated with heavy metal poisoning vary according to the metal accumulated. | To understand the impact of Cr-poisoning on cathode performance, it is important to determine its effects on different cathode polarization losses. At the same time, with the development of its uses, the adverse effects of chromium compounds in human health were being defined. The reported liver effects include derangement of the liver cells, necrosis, lymphocytic and histocytic infiltration, and increases in Kupffer cells [Pascale, Waldstein et al. lists hexavalent chromium Chromium-6 is a human carcinogen when inhaled, and there is growing concern about the possible health effects of it in drinking water. (2006). Other ways of ingestion of this mineral would include drinking hard tap water or cooking on stainless steel utensils. The analysis indicated that LSC may offer better resilience to chromium poisoning in comparison to that of LSCF, though the poisoning effect is still observed, particularly in humid atmospheres. Cr exists in several oxidation states but the most stable and common forms are Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species. Mahalakshmi R, Priyanga J, Vedha Hari BN, Bhakta-Guha D, Guha G. 3 Biotech. However, dietary chromium rarely causes toxicity. 3.) Liver injury and metabolic disorders could be caused by Cr (VI) (hexavalent chromium) poisoning in broilers. Repeated exposure to chromium through oral ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation causes poisoning The signs and symptoms of Chromium Toxicity comprise nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, renal failure, and severe gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers. For exposure through inhalation, the following treatment measures may be employed: The primary goal is to remove the affected individual from the source of exposure, If the lungs are damaged, then breathing assistance (or oxygen) is provided, Any underlying complication may have to be treated on a case-by-case basis, Cancer treatment options, either surgical removal or radiation therapy, may be advised for those who have developed cancers (due to chronic exposure), Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) is useful in protecting the lungs, eyes, mucous membranes, and skin, While in industry, maintain a clean work area that is dust-free, Regularly shower and change clothes after industrial work, Avoid bringing home contaminated clothes from the work site, Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking at the work site, Practice proper hand hygiene by washing hands with soap frequently, Ensure that industrial safety regulations for heavy metal exposure is adhered to at workplaces, The prognosis for Chromium Toxicity is dependent on when the individual is removed from the potential source of toxic chromium compounds. (1,4) Other effects noted from acute inhalation exposure to very high concentrations of chromium (VI) include gastrointestinal and neurological effects, while dermal exposure causes skin burns in humans. Comparative toxicity studies of chromium-rich welding fumes and chromium on an established human cell line. -, Am J Ind Med. 1989 Oct 1;86(1-2):149-57. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(89)90201-5. A., & Wetterhahn, K. E. (1990). -, Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). Patients with elevated chromium levels often show similar symptoms as those with elevated cobalt levels. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. This usually occurs from working in the metal industry or using spray paints, Both males and females are affected and no particular preference is observed, The condition is seen to affect all races and ethnic groups, Individuals are at higher risk if the working conditions include direct exposure to hexavalent chromium and its compounds, The general population may be at risk through inhalation of (chromium-contained) ambient air, and ingestion of contaminated (chromium-contained) food and/or water, Exposure may be caused by a variety of chromium compounds or environmental conditions, Once in the body, hexavalent chromium is absorbed into the bloodstream, and it gets accumulated in the body tissue, Severe gastrointestinal irritation or ulcers, Eczematous dermatitis: A skin condition causing itchy skin rashes, Gingivitis and periodontitis - conditions affecting the teeth and gums, Lesions “chrome holes” in the fingers, knuckles, and forearms, Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways causing cough and mucus production, Urinalysis test for chromium levels, β2-microglobulins levels, and blood or serum chromium levels, For possible inhalation of hexavalent chromium, a chest radiograph and pulmonary function test may be performed, to detect toxicity, Skin sensitization through chronic skin exposure resulting in skin abnormalities, Gastrointestinal complications including diarrhea and vomiting with blood, Electrolyte imbalances can result in severe damage to vital organs, Increased blood and tissue acidity (metabolic acidosis) can cause vital organs to fail, Diseases of the kidneys: Toxic nephritis, renal failure (usually from oral ingestion), Dysfunction of the heart causing heart failure, Inadequate blood supply to the tissues, leading to shock. 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