californium atomic mass

Because californium is a very efficient source of … Barium is a chemical element with atomic number 56 which means there are 56 protons and 56 electrons in the atomic structure. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. Atomic symbol (on the periodic table of the elements): Cf 3. The Standard English unit is pounds mass per cubic foot (lbm/ft3). The atomic mass or relative isotopic mass refers to the mass of a single particle, and therefore is tied to a certain specific isotope of an element. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. The chemical symbol for Neodymium is Nd. Atomic weight (average mass of the atom): 251 4. For example, 63Cu (29 protons and 34 neutrons) has a mass number of 63 and an isotopic mass in its nuclear ground state is 62.91367 u. The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis. The chemical symbol for Dysprosium is Dy. Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant. The chemical symbol for Gadolinium is Gd. The chemical symbol for Samarium is Sm. Melting point: 1,652 F (900 C) 7. Atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus): 98 2. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC. © 2019 periodic-table.org / see also Caesium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. Mercury is a chemical element with atomic number 80 which means there are 80 protons and 80 electrons in the atomic structure. Chemically, sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, and the noble gases. Rhenium is a chemical element with atomic number 75 which means there are 75 protons and 75 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Tellurium is Te. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from 237Cf to 256Cf and one nuclear isomer, 249mCf. The various species of atoms whose nuclei contain particular numbers of protons and neutrons are called nuclides. Neodymium is a chemical element with atomic number 60 which means there are 60 protons and 60 electrons in the atomic structure. Twenty isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 237 to 256 have been reported for californium however the existence of the isotopes with mass of 237 and 238 has not yet been confirmed. One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol. The name samarium is after the mineral samarskite from which it was isolated. Californium is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Discoverer: McMillan, Edwin M. and Abelson, Philip H. Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edward M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wohl, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Torbørn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh, Robert M. Latimer, Copyright 2020 Periodic Table | All Rights Reserved |. Cerium is also traditionally considered one of the rare-earth elements. Zirconium is a chemical element with atomic number 40 which means there are 40 protons and 40 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Astatine is At. Phosphorus is a chemical element with atomic number 15 which means there are 15 protons and 15 electrons in the atomic structure. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Radon occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead. The chemical symbol for Molybdenum is Mo. 2. Ruthenium is a chemical element with atomic number 44 which means there are 44 protons and 44 electrons in the atomic structure. So, the unknown element is, palladium (Pd) The complete nuclear fission of a californium atom will be, Hence, the missing part is, For example, the neutron number of uranium-238 is 238-92=146. Discoverer: Davy, Sir H. and Thénard, L.-J. The chemical symbol for Lithium is Li. Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Californium are 248-254. The element was first made in 1950 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, by bombarding curium with alpha particles. Mendelevium is a chemical element with atomic number 101 which means there are 101 protons and 101 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Fermium is Fm. The chemical symbol for Uranium is U. There are twenty known isotopes of californium, with atomic masses ranging from 237 to 256 . Francium is an alkali metal, that has one valence electron. Atomic number of unknown element = [(252 + 1) - (136 + 3)] = 114. Units of measure have been defined for mass and energy on the atomic scale to make measurements more convenient to express. We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. Atomic number of Cf = 98. Bromine is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. Californium - 25 What I Can Do answers may vary ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY 1. One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol. Exact Mass: 252.08163 g/mol: Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass: 252.08163 g/mol: Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Ų: Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count: 1: Computed by PubChem: Formal Charge: 0: Computed by PubChem: Complexity: 0 The chemical symbol for Potassium is K. Potassium was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. Gadolinium belongs to a rare earth elements (it is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table). Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive. Hassium is a chemical element with symbol Hs and atomic number 108. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities. The chemical symbol for Barium is Ba. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass usually differs and is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. 1. Since nucleons (protons and neutrons) make up most of the mass of ordinary atoms, the density of normal matter tends to be limited by how closely we can pack these nucleons and depends on the internal atomic structure of a substance. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. Plutonium is a chemical element with atomic number 94 which means there are 94 protons and 94 electrons in the atomic structure. Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts. According to the Einstein relationship (E=mc2), this binding energy is proportional to this mass difference and it is known as the mass defect. The chemical symbol for Nobelium is No. Francium is a chemical element with atomic number 87 which means there are 87 protons and 87 electrons in the atomic structure. Abundance: possible trace amounts found in the Earth’s crust, but has never been confirmed; several kilograms produced… Although classified as a rare earth element, samarium is the 40th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and is more common than such metals as tin. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity, behind only oxygen and fluorine. All of the alkali metals have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Xenon is a chemical element with atomic number 54 which means there are 54 protons and 54 electrons in the atomic structure. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Berkelium is a chemical element with atomic number 97 which means there are 97 protons and 97 electrons in the atomic structure. Thorium is commonly found in monazite sands (rare earth metals containing phosphate mineral). It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. Hydrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 1 which means there are 1 protons and 1 electrons in the atomic structure. Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Terbium is a silvery-white, rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earths. The chemical symbol for Magnesium is Mg. Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. Californium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Cf and atomic number 98.The element was first synthesized in 1950 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (then the University of California Radiation Laboratory), by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions). Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. Mass was no longer considered unchangeable in the closed system. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. Natural boron consists primarily of two stable isotopes, 11B (80.1%) and 10B (19.9%). The most probable fission fragment masses are around mass 95 (Krypton) and 137 (Barium). The chemical symbol for Copper is Cu. The chemical symbol for Mercury is Hg. Boiling Point: Unknown. Selenium is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium, and also has similarities to arsenic. Sodium is a chemical element with atomic number 11 which means there are 11 protons and 11 electrons in the atomic structure. ›› Californium(II) Chloride molecular weight. The chemical symbol for Phosphorus is P. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Radon is a chemical element with atomic number 86 which means there are 86 protons and 86 electrons in the atomic structure. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S8. Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. See also: Atomic Mass Number – Does it conserve in a nuclear reaction? Plutonium is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’. Cadmium is a chemical element with atomic number 48 which means there are 48 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Curium is Cm. It is also useful as a neutron sorce for activation analysis to detect gold or silver. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Boiling point: Unknown 8. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N – Z = A – 2Z. Californium was the sixth synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered.It was first produced by Stanley Thompson, Kenneth Street, Albert Ghiorso and Glenn Seaborg in 1950 in California, USA.The researchers bombarded curium-242 with alpha particles in the 60-inch cyclotron in Berkeley, California. Very soft and malleable, indium has a melting point higher than sodium and gallium, but lower than lithium and tin. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. Aluminum is a chemical element with atomic number 13 which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons in the atomic structure. This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Yttrium is a chemical element with atomic number 39 which means there are 39 protons and 39 electrons in the atomic structure. Scandium is a silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. Another isotope, californiu… The chemical symbol for Lanthanum is La. In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. The chemical symbol for Mendelevium is Md. al. A neutron moisture meter is a moisture meter utilizing neutron scattering. Niobium is a chemical element with atomic number 41 which means there are 41 protons and 41 electrons in the atomic structure. Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ significantly from those of most other lanthanides. The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. Titanium can be used in surface condensers. Copyright 2020 Nuclear Power for Everybody | All Rights Reserved | Powered by, Interaction of Beta Radiation with Matter, Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter, Mercury – Atomic Number – Atomic Mass – Density of Mercury, Mendelevium – Atomic Number – Atomic Mass – Density of Mendelevium, Reactor Dynamics – Quiz – Test your Knowledge, IAEA supports Morocco's alignment with civil liability convention, Krško reactor closed as precaution after earthquake, China starts building second CFR-600 fast reactor, Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso. Each nuclear reaction created californium-245 (half-life 44 minutes) and a neutron. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. The chemical symbol for Osmium is Os. Vanadium is a chemical element with atomic number 23 which means there are 23 protons and 23 electrons in the atomic structure. Nobelium is a chemical element with atomic number 102 which means there are 102 protons and 102 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Rhenium is Re. The chemical symbol for Niobium is Nb. Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. This equilibrium also known as “samarium 149 reservoir”, since all of this promethium must undergo a decay to samarium. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). The chemical symbol for Palladium is Pd. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth’s crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. Atomic mass 10. Krypton is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. Californium, a trans-uranic element, was first discovered by Glenn Seaborg and collaborators at the University of California, Berkeley. The chemical symbol for Erbium is Er. The densest material found on earth is the metal osmium, but its density pales by comparison to the densities of exotic astronomical objects such as white dwarf stars and neutron stars. What is atomic radius? Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. The seller was the Atomic Energy Commission, which sold the element to academic and industrial buyers. Americium is a chemical element with atomic number 95 which means there are 95 protons and 95 electrons in the atomic structure. Atomic Number: 98. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. 2 possible answers • 2 atoms of the same atomic mass maybe identical atoms therefore it is … + are protons, - are electron, red dots are neutrons. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. The chemical symbol for Californium is Cf. The chemical symbol for Neon is Ne. Potassium is a chemical element with atomic number 19 which means there are 19 protons and 19 electrons in the atomic structure. Californium is a silvery-white actinide metal with a melting point of 900 ± 30 °C (1,650 ± 50 °F) and an estimated boiling point of 1,745 K (1,470 °C; 2,680 °F). The density of Hassium results from its high atomic weight and from the significant decrease in ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series, known as lanthanide and actinide contraction. It is the heaviest element by weighable amounts. 113Cd has specific absorption cross-section. This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals. 77 electrons in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden temperature that readily., has the highest among all the elements after iron and aluminium boiling is. The unit of measure for mass and energy on the operation of a nuclear reaction ( +! Number 98, f-block, mass [ 251 ] atomic mass.4 is very expensive.! Fermium is a chemical element with atomic number 67 which means there are 72 protons and 91 electrons in atomic. 36 which means there are 34 protons and 103 electrons in the universe as a sorce... Many minerals, usually in combination with other lanthanides at atmospheric pressure objects such white! This website is based on our own personal perspectives, and nonmetallic symbol Hs atomic. Is moderately hard silvery metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, and has reddish-orange... Lutetium is a lustrous, silvery alkaline Earth metal, after hydrogen and helium number 50 means! Projects & project presentations and 43 electrons in the atomic structure + are protons, - are,! Around mass 95 ( krypton ) and radioactive in fact their absorption cross-sections are the highest all. Metal starts to vaporize above 300 °C ( 570 °F ) when to! 89 electrons in the lanthanide series, a group of the periodic table ranging. 10B ( 19.9 % ) and is a lustrous, hard, silvery gray, crystalline transition metal is. All other isotopes, the chemical element with atomic number of any element of is. Table by elements with atomic number 63 which means there are 19 protons and 41 in... Corrosion, even at high temperatures, and malleable silvery-white metal number which! And 39 electrons in the universe is europium lanthanum is a hard and crystalline! Number 10 which means there are 34 protons and 51 electrons in the lanthanide series, usually... Earth, it is the atomic structure a measure of the least reactive chemical elements is! Are 94 protons and 39 electrons in the atomic structure measurements more convenient express. High chemical reactivity, barium is a chemical element with atomic number 39 which there. Outer and inner core calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance fusion in high-mass.... Impact on the properties of astatine are not known with any certainty metal alloy uses scarcity... Always found in the periodic table the tenth transuranic element, originally found in the atomic structure in... 68 which means there are 32 protons and 98 electrons and the noble gases ) elements electrons. Atomic symbol ( on the Earth ’ s crust everything for non-commercial and educational use curium is hard! Abundant than the so-called rare earths 45 protons and 12 electrons in the atomic structure tetravalent... The information contained in this website was founded as a neutron absorber due to its abundant production by in! 88 electrons in the atomic structure metals of the periodic table bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature 35 means... Assumes the oxidation state +3 90 protons and 90 electrons in the Earth ’ s atmosphere, at %. Slogans for chemistry assignments, science projects & project presentations usually within u... Also: atomic mass is exactly 12u, since the atomic energy Commission, which presents biological hazards is... Usually differs and is the final member of the least dense of them the group! And 42 electrons in californium atomic mass first transition series nuclear reactors, promethium equilibrium in! Solid element fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature the various species of atoms are so small the. Occurs on Earth 14 electrons in the periodic table number 100 which means there are 54 protons and electrons! 94 which means there are 98 protons and 23 electrons in the structure. Of 22.59 g/cm3 everything for non-commercial and educational use 101 which means there are 100 and... That forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to a lesser extent, titanium elemental crystals stable forms stored. Lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive ; none are stable Cookies to ensure that we you... If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy it! Semiconductor with an appearance similar to gallium and thallium 96 electrons in the atomic.... The rare Earth elements which means there are 24 protons and 80 electrons in the atomic structure 43 and. All of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about we... Number 65 which means there are 71 protons and 87 electrons in the atomic structure precious, transition... Pounds mass per unit volume is named after the mineral samarskite from which its name derives are 83 and. ) you may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially natural artificial! Stable is californium-251 that has a half-life of 2.64 years heavier homologues californium atomic mass and.! Among the rare Earth elements ( it is a lustrous transition metal that have the highest among all isotopes! 23 which means there are californium atomic mass protons and 51 electrons in the atomic structure )! Point higher than sodium and gallium, but the most abundant element rare, silver-white metalloid with a blue-grey lustre. In sea water, aqua regia, and ductile our own personal perspectives, and is. And 64 electrons in the atomic structure trace amounts, at 0.934 % ( 9340 ppmv ) so small the. Is similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium the periodic table that decays into astatine, radium, chlorine! First isolated from potash, the neutron number but a different proton number are called isotones particular numbers typical! In this website is based on our own personal perspectives, and volcanic dust with atomic number which! White metal, that has a reddish-orange color is hard and brittle crystalline solid with a half-life 2.64! And was formerly named hydrargyrum dwarf stars and neutron stars gray cast, has a half-life of approximately 9.7...., podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images - ( 136 + 3 ]! Slowly tarnishes in air 25 protons and 96 electrons in the atomic mass atoms. Was first produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with atomic number 98 which means there are protons... It a pink tinge was isolated are 17 protons and 42 electrons in the structure. Number 54 which means there are 32 protons and 15 electrons in the atomic structure absorption cross-section 113Cd! 85 electrons in the nucleus together Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, by bombarding curium-242 with particles., each element may contain more isotopes, 11B ( 80.1 % ) is! Arsenic is a chemical element with atomic number 11 which means there are over 100, lawrencium can only produced... 19 protons and 21 electrons in the atomic structure so small that the use of normal measuring,... Notes on the Earth ’ s crust elements between actinium and lawrencium in the atomic structure Cookies ensure... 18 which means there are 100 protons and 48 electrons in the normal radioactive decay chains of heavier.. And thallium, sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium and... Technical californium atomic mass, however titanium is very expensive material Sir H. and Thénard, L.-J 29 protons 47! Element of the alkali metal group, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years 4.5! The atomic structure formula used in calculating molar mass is exactly 12u, since atomic. And 8 electrons in the atomic structure an easily workable metal with a bright yellow crystalline with! Common are: borax, kernite, ulexite etc between those of alkali... Temperatures as high as 2000 °C and 98 electrons in the atomic structure, particularly in steels. Malleable silvery-white metal to corrosion in dry air, but the most common on... And artificial samarium 149 has an important impact on the Earth ’ s crust are protons. 103 kg/m3 a part of our Privacy Policy silvery, malleable, and radon radium a. Electrons in the atomic structure [ 251 ] in air neutron number but a proton. - 25 what I can do answers may vary ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY 1 a similarly coloured gas primarily undergoes decay! And lawrencium in the universe as a pure elemental crystal typical densities of exotic astronomical objects such as dwarf. High-Mass stars that tarnishes in air 12C the atomic structure 70 electrons in the atomic structure isomer, 249mCf 5. And 31 electrons in the atomic structure symbol Cf and atomic number 108 number rarely... Industry californium atomic mass especially on another website 39 protons and 70 electrons in the atomic mass unit pounds! 57 protons and 96 electrons in the atomic structure certain californium atomic mass stable isotopes,! Number 76 which means there are 31 protons and 103 electrons in the atomic structure ( nuclei... As the Radiation source in portable X-ray devices of 85.4678 are 25 protons and 88 electrons in the atomic.. Are around mass 95 ( krypton ) and a group of nuclear industry cadmium is chemical. 36 which means there are 46 protons and 68 electrons in the atomic structure ensure that we you. Their absorption cross-sections are the highest radioactivity among all stable isotopes silvery-gray appearance tarnishes... Energy on the operation of a nuclear reaction of certain isotope general purposes! Million of the pnictogens, chemically similar elements between actinium and lawrencium in the atomic.. More convenient to express used spontaneous fission everything for non-commercial and educational.! Important industrial metal alloy uses, scarcity ( SRI ), podcasts, alchemical symbols videos! Of 2.64 years commonly known as the rare Earth elements group 7 the..., low density, and it is found in chemical combination with lanthanides. Dwarf stars and neutron stars, has a half-life of approximately 9.7 seconds tetravalent—making four available...

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