The SolarWinds incident spurred a flurry of debates about whether the U.S. Department of Defenses 2018 defend forward strategy should, or could, have prevented the calamity. The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. used toyota avalon for sale by owner craigslist January 27, 2022. burger king head office contact details near irkutsk. An official website of the United States Government. [9] Office of Management and Budget, Federal Cybersecurity Risk Determination Report and Action Plan (Risk Report), (Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget, 2018), https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=811093. remove adversary implanted malware), but their overall unit mission remains a DODIN operations mission. Air Force Tech. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russiaprintable whataburger logo. Merely sitting on a chokepoint to collect information doesnt create leveragethat information needs to be translated into strategic action. The report drew skepticism from some experts and a denial from the administration, but the revelation led Moscow to warn that such activity presented a direct challenge that demanded a response. Air Force Tech. Adversaries China, Russia, Iran and North Korea are increasingly taking malicious cyber activities in the gray zone, which is below the threshold of armed conflict, to undermine U.S. and allies'security, she said. (Figure 4). Potential Basis for Cooperation 48 Cyberspace is critical to the way the entire U.S. functions. Subscribe to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that matter most. The Kremlin's cyber authorities, for instance, hold an almost immutable view that the United States seeks to undermine Russia's global position at every turn along the digital front, pointing to U.S. cyber operations behind global incidents that are unfavorable to Moscow's foreign policy goals. For their part, the Russians made a different historical comparison to their 2016 activity. U.S. officials fret about Moscow's ability to wield its authoritarian power to corral Russian academia, the private sector, and criminal networks to boost its cyber capacity while insulating state-backed hackers from direct attribution. Incentivizing computer science-related jobs in the department to make them more attractive to skilled candidates who might consider the private sector instead. A new report from the Atlantic Council on lessons from the Sunburst campaign likewise argues that government and industry should embrace an idea of persistent flow in cybersecurity, emphasizing that effective cybersecurity is more about speed, agility, and concentrated action than trying to do everything, everywhere, all at once. Information sharing about threats, absent a strong model for interagency collaboration and a specific desired end state, is not enough. Telling Black Stories: What We All Can Do. JFHQ-DODIN which is a component command of USCYBERCOM is the organization that is responsible for securing, operating, and defending the DOD complex infrastructure of roughly 15,000 networks with 3 million users. Doctrinally the joint force is being pushed to plan operations from a global perspective, instead of focusing only on a specific geographic area. About ALSSA Russian military operators conducted what should be considered a more aggressive cyber campaign a year before their presidential election meddling, when they posed as CyberCaliphate, an online branch of ISIS, and attacked U.S. media outlets and threatened the safety of U.S. military spouses. This will also establish awareness for all stakeholders of what cyberspace terrain is part of their assigned DAO. Like the Space Forces No Day Without Space, a Cyber Force with authorities that parallel the Coast Guards Title 14 USC would support national strategy and protect our homeland from the disastrous consequences of A Day Without Cyberspace. a lone server in a random unprotected closet that all operational data passes through). how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Lyle J. Morris, Michael J. Mazarr @MMazarr, et al. As this process matures, cyberspace planners will know what MRT-C and KT-C must be protected throughout all phases of the various scenarios in joint force plans and operations. Leverage in the internet ecosystem has been written about in many forms, including the costs and benefits of deploying particular cybersecurity technologies and the major parts of the global internet network that enable data flows. This will result in increased cyberspace command and control and decrease DOD security incident response times. In 2018, the Council of Economic Advisors stated that the cost to the United States from malicious cyber activity was estimated between " 57 billion and $109 billion in 2016 .". Unlike space, cyberspace has a critical parallel with the open sea: cyberspace is primarily and overwhelmingly used for commerce. Conclusion: Long Road Ahead 31Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:A Russian Perspective 33 All rights reserved. Polyethylene Film / PE Sheet Andrey Krutskikh, the Kremlin's bombastic point man on cyber-diplomacy issues, likened Russia's development of cyber capabilities that year to the Soviet Union's first successful atomic bomb test in 1949. Like the air domain, military space experts especially in the Air Force argued against creating a separate service. - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, News [10] Raymond, John W., We Need to Focus on Space, We Dont Need a Space Corp, Defense One, July 20, 2017, https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2017/07/we-need-focus-space-we-dont-need-space-corps/139360/. Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate (CADD) In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. 2101 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700 There are no physical forces to defeat in cyberspace, but rather there are adversary cyberspace effects that can be defeated through various means ranging from friendly CO to delivering targeted kinetic effects. Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. Upgrading critical infrastructure networks and systems (meaning transportation channels, communication lines, etc.) Privacy Program, Army Harvard Kennedy School Dean Douglas Elmendorf has announced that Kennedy School Professor Meghan OSullivan, a former senior national security advisor, will be the next director of the Center, beginning July 2023. A declared expansion in targeting Russian power grids could ensure that future disruptions, which can occur spontaneously, are seen by Moscow as an unmistakable act of U.S. cyber aggression. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. FOIA The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN), managed by Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), serves as the DODIN backbone (Figure 3). History demonstrates a consistent precedent for the US: new warfighting domains result in military reorganization, reevaluation of doctrine, and a good deal of debate. [4] Defense Information System Agency Joint Force Headquarters Department of Defense Information Network, Capabilities: Connecting and Protecting the Warfighting in Cyberspace, 2019, https://www.disa.mil/-/media/Files/DISA/Fact-Sheets/DISA-Capabilities.ashx. February 1, 2023 Figure1: Cyberspace Operations Missions, Actions, and Forces. While the authors are all affiliated with different institutions, they have written this paper in their personal capacity, representing the views of neither their organizations nor their governments. Structure of a US-Russia Cyber Agreement 17 Despite Cyber Command's new authorities, Moscow's hackers are comparatively unfettered by legal or normative boundaries and have a far wider menu of means and methods in competing with the United States short of all-out war. The DOD cyberspace is only going to continue expanding at an exponential rate utilizing the latest and greatest technology to meet the ever-growing demands for more information from commanders while conducting warfare. The Russian author likewise believes the U.S. will have to tone down its harsh rhetoric toward Moscow if progress on cyber issues is to be achieved. The two research teams did not communicate with one another during the writing process; this approach was chosen in order to juxtapose the two sides viewpoints as starkly as possible, identifying and highlighting salient differences as well as areas for potential cooperation. [2] Garamone, Jim, Global Integration Seeks to Buy Leaders Decision Time, Increase Speed of Relevance, DOD News, July 2, 2018, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1565240/global-integration-seeks-to-buy-leaders-decision-time-increase-speed-of-relevan/. USCYBERCOM is the supported command for transregional and global CO and manages day-to-day global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs. (Photo by Josef Cole), Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret.) We proceeded to formulate research questions (see Appendix 2) and seek out authors who could separately explore the American and the Russian perspectives on the cyber-treaty idea. Although both sides have been targeting each other's infrastructure since at least 2012, according to the Times article, the aggression and scope of these operations now seems unprecedented. There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense ( Figure 1 ). Accurate reporting of the cybersecurity status of DOD cyberspace is critical. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, The U.S. Should Make Leverage the Foundation of Its Cyber Strategy, David Vergun/U.S. Commanders and directors of DOD organizations must take ownership of their assigned cyberspace. Until we do this we will never be standardized in any of our efforts for protecting the DOD and we will never attain cyber supremacy. Both, for instance, view the other as a highly capable adversary. Increasing the diplomatic costs of Russian cyber aggression, shoring up cyber defenses, or even fostering military-to-military or working-level diplomatic channels to discuss cyber red lines, however discretely and unofficially, could present better choices than apparently gambling with the safety of civilians that both sides' forces are sworn to protect. Yet on a much higher level, the incidents themselves and the debates that followed them provide reason to reassess U.S. cyber strategyand that includes making leverage a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. Why a US-Russia Cyber Agreement Is Needed but Currently Not Possible 10 Air Force Airman 1st Class Christopher Kendrick, 49th Communications Squadron cyber transport technician, connects fiber optic cables to the base network switches at the base network control center on Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., June 30, 2020. [8] Joseph R. Biden Jr., Executive Order 14028, Improving the Nations Cybersecurity, Federal Register, Volume 86, No. For services, report the status of relevant cyberspace terrain to the appropriate CCMD, based on geographic or functional responsibility. The DOD cyberspace backbone is called the DODIN. There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense (Figure 1). limiting the collective reach of U.S. cyber operations at any given time; it also ignores the concept of points of leverage in the broader internet ecosystem. Whether this is accurate or not, it is unarguable that the DOD, and every organization within it, needs to act right now to protect its cyberspace. Tim Blevins, Air Land Sea Space Application (ALSSA) Center, Meeting The Immediate Needs of the Warfighter, By Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret) Tim Blevins, Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil, Standardizing network sensors (e.g. Question 1. crucial to the global internets very function, exploit or protect those points of leverage. Organizations within CCMDs that can provide cybersecurity expertise and support are cyber operations-integrated planning elements (COIPEs), joint cyber centers (JCCs), cybersecurity service provider (CSSPs), and network operation centers (NOCs). Please enter the text displayed in the image. The U.S. and Russia should consider barring cyber operations aimed at certain critical systems belonging to the other, chief among them nuclear weapons systems. Each of the 44 DOD components owns a portion of the DODIN area of operation (DAO) and is responsible for protecting it. 1 "Defense Critical Infrastructure" refers to the composite of DoD and non-DoD assets essential to project, support, (617) 495-1400. Prospects for US-Russia Cyber Rules of the Road:An American Perspective 7 Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. (NB: The U.S. authors are more skeptical about such efforts than the Russian author.). The Russians and Chinese are playing a long game to threaten the international, rules-based orderand they are doing this with actions below the threshold of armed conflict. Each CCMD has DAO-level CSSPs and NOCs. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Updating contract language with DOD partners in a timely manner to address current cybersecurity issues such as enabling cybersecurity-related information sharing across the DOD and limiting/governing cleared defense contractors (CDC) remote access into the DODIN. "It is the only country with a heavy global footprint in both civil and military. In July 2020, the DOJ announced indictments against two malicious cyber actors associated with MSS for stealing terabytes of data, including data related to COVID-19 vaccination research, Mortelmans said. This is different from a traditional campaign designed around the idea that the world is either at peace or at war. Step-by-step explanation. The Ukrainian Army Is Leveraging Online Influencers. by Lindsay Maizland [7] Pomerleau, Mark, The Pentagon is moving away from the Joint Regional Security Stacks, C4ISRNET, November 1 2021, https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2021/11/01/the-pentagon-is-moving-away-from-the-joint-regional-security-stacks/. In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. WIRED Magazine the same day published an article detailing growing cyber reconnaissance on U.S. grids by sophisticated malware emanating from a Russian research institution, the same malware that abruptly halted operations at a Saudi Arabian oil refinery in 2017 during what WIRED called one of the most reckless cyberattacks in history.. An example would be an attack on critical infrastructure such as the power grid. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. Holding DOD personnel and third-party contractors more accountable for slip-ups. [1] Secretary Mattis Remarks on U.S. National Defense Strategy, January 19, 2018, C-SPAN, video, 49:06, https://www.c-span.org/video/?439945-1/secretary-mattis-delivers-remarks-us-national-defense-strategy. These DOD cyberspace efforts include standardizing network sensors, implementing tiered local/region/global data aggregation, using the data to establish role-based common operating pictures, implementing zero trust architecture, and possibly even establishing a cyber service to advocate cyber power with a separate voice within the military. Washington could follow Moscow's lead in realizing that this is a long-term struggle that requires innovative and thoughtful solutions as opposed to reflexive ones. Putting aside that the Russian operation was cyber espionagestealing data rather than denying, disrupting, degrading, or destroying systemssome of these arguments reflected an idea that the United States should defend forward or persistently engage everywhere, all the time. Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND, and Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School, and Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND, Steam rises from the chimneys of a thermal power plant behind the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow, Russia January 9, 2018. In just a few years, Air Force Space Commands General John Raymond went from being an opponent of the Space Force to its first Chief of Space Operations![10]. [5] U.S. Cyber Command, Mission Relevant Terrain-Cyber, Cyber Warfighting Publication 3-0.1, 20 August 2021, [6] Russel, W. William, Defense Acquisitions: Joint Cyber Warfighting Architecture Would Benefit from Defined Goals and Governance, GAO-21-68, (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2020). Similarly, points in the global internet architecture can serve as places of leverage for nation-states looking to secure them or exploit their vulnerabilities. November 4, 2022 The Russian Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the General Staff has primacy in external cyberspace operations, to include espionage, information warfare, and offensive cyberspace operations. Drawing upon decades of experience, RAND provides research services, systematic analysis, and innovative thinking to a global clientele that includes government agencies, foundations, and private-sector firms. The U.S. recently suspended its obligations under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and gave notice of its intent to withdraw after long-term violations of the treaty by Russia, a. Information Quality More commercial technology will be integrated into current systems for maximum effectiveness in the ever-changing cybersphere. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. Adopting cybersecurity best practices such as implementing zero trust architecture. [5] In a nutshell, it simply involves following a missions data path across networks. 22201 CSSPs protect the CCMD cyberspace and are primarily responsible for securing CCMD cyberspace. Should the US and Russia Pursue Confidence-Building Measuresand, if So, Which Ones? [4] The DODIN is the biggest network in the world. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. (Heretofore, Russias official position has been that it does not use cyber tools offensively and that cyber means should not be used in the military realm. CCMD commanders work in a stove pipe and procure technology that is best to meet the needs of their geographical area, but this does not help with standardization across the DOD. - Slate, Analysis & Opinions ; Raymond, John W., How Were Building a 21st Century Space Force, The Atlantic, December 20, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/building-21st-century-space-force/617434/. The New York Cyber Task Forces 2017 report discusses the idea of leverage, for instance, in a somewhat productized sense vis--vis software and internet security. Finally, as noted above, the U.S. and Russian authors disagree on the likelihood of success should Washington and Moscow attempt to cooperate on combatting cybercrime. These include: Protecting DOD Cyberspace, Now and Beyond. A separate service could exercise both law enforcement and homeland defense authorities only afforded to one other military service: the United States Coast Guard. USCYBERCOM has directive authority for cyberspace operations (DACO), established by CJCS EXORD, that enables DOD-wide synchronized protection of the DODIN. Violent extremist organizations use cyber to recruit terrorists, raise funds, direct attacks and distribute gruesome propaganda online, she mentioned. The U.S. authors believe that barring certain attacks on critical infrastructure would be the most important item to include in a bilateral rules-of-the-road agreement and, considering the unlikeliness of such an agreement anytime soon, this goal could be pursued outside the framework of a formal treaty as well. Both systems are crucial to the global internets very function and yet remain fundamentally insecurevulnerable to outright manipulation. by Olivia Angelino, Thomas J. Bollyky, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli One thing though all can be certainly sure of, is that there are others out there based in many places elsewhere, who be of a similar persuasion to be a pioneering prime lead in such a predominant field of ACTive IT Endeavour, and equally enthusiastically interested in programs and projects of advanced intelligent design built and maintained to not fail, and being further developed to exceed all expectations with guaranteed stability in overwhelmingly powerful performance situations/great game changing events. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. Appendix 1 67 used motorcycles for sale waco how does the dod leverage cyberspace with nato data science course singapore skillsfuture In coo certification programs by October 11, 2022 Looking for crowdsourcing opportunities such as hack-a-thons and bug bounties to identify and fix our own vulnerabilities. Without the advocacy of a distinct service, robust and thoughtful debate on the appropriate use of air power by the other services may have suffered. This will help to continue supremacy within air, land, and sea but never with cyber. Air Force Senior Airman Kevin Novoa and Air Force Tech. China is using cyber espionage for military and economic advantages, Mortelmans said. Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, >Cyber Threats from the U.S. and Russia Are Now Focusing on Civilian Infrastructure, skepticism from some experts and a denial, Fighting and Winning the Undeclared Cyber War, Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Accountability in Cyberspace: The Problem of Attribution. Defending forward includes understanding what adversaries are trying to do and what the threat looks like. updating perimeter or endpoint security configurations), but if they discover an adversary, they can take cyberspace defense actions to defeat the adversary (e.g. Agency Affected Recommendation Status; Department of Defense : The Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the NNSA Administrator, should establish a joint risk management process to periodically identify, analyze, and respond to risks that affect the U.S. nuclear enterprise (including the nuclear weapons stockpile, delivery platforms, and nuclear command and control) and report, internally . The authors likewise have differing assessments of cyber-related progress on the diplomatic front: While the Russian author describes impressive successes in bringing the U.S. and Russian positions on cybersecurity closer together at the U.N., most notably with a consensus report on norms of responsible behavior by states in March 2021,the U.S. authors note that Russia hasused multilateral institutions, including two U.N. groups on cybersecurity, to advance its own conceptualization of cyber norms, sometimes undermining Western influence.. American political scientistJoseph Nye, a former head of the U.S. National Intelligence Council,wrote in 2019that, even if traditional arms-control treaties are unworkable in cyberspace, it may still be possible to set limits on certain types of civilian targets, and to negotiate rough rules of the road that minimize conflict. Robert G. Papp, a former director of the CIAs Center for Cyber Intelligence, has likewisearguedthat even a cyber treaty of limited duration with Russia would be a significant step forward. On the Russian side, President Vladimir Putin himselfhas called fora bilateral intergovernmental agreement on preventing incidents in the information space, comparing it to the Soviet-American Agreement on thePrevention of Incidentson and Over the High Seas. Arlington, Sgt. Kyle Hanslovan, a cyber-warfare specialist serving with the 175th Cyberspace Operations Group of the Maryland Air National Guard, works at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Md., Oct. 30, 2017. The Pardee RAND Graduate School (PardeeRAND.edu) is home to the only Ph.D. and M.Phil. Making sure leaders and their staff are cyber fluent at every level so they all know when decisions can help or harm cybersecurity. The department will do this by: Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Four Pillars U.S. National Cyber Strategy, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. They are also both areas where small changes would yield massive gains in cybersecurity, underscoring that, as we previously argued, one of the best ways to approach a U.S. foreign policy for the internet is to identify crucial points of leverage in the ecosystem to maximize security gains. While all the authors describe steps that the two sides could take now, the U.S. authors devote considerable attention to five prerequisites they consider necessary for the start of future talks on bilateral cyber rules of the road: codified procedural norms (as noted above), the appropriate rank of participants on both sides, clear attribution standards, a mutual understanding of proportional retaliatory actions and costly signaling., The Russian author believes that Moscow must agree to discuss cyber-related topics in a military context. The DODIN is DODs classified and unclassified enterprise. Cyber confrontation between the United States and Russia is increasingly turning to critical civilian infrastructure, particularly power grids, judging from recent press reports. By tallying several key indices for countries cosponsoring competing cyber-related resolutions proposed by Russia and the U.S. at the United Nations in 2018 and 2020, he demonstrates that the countries on Russias side are much less technologically advanced and politically less integrated into the digital world than those on the U.S. side: There seems to be a clear borderline between the nations that pursue strong government control similar to Russias sovereign internet or Chinas Great Firewall and those that promote freedom of speech and a more democratic internet.. Justin Sherman (@jshermcyber) is a fellow at the Atlantic Councils Cyber Statecraft Initiative. A Digital Iron Curtain? by Lindsay Maizland & quot ; it is the only country with a heavy global footprint in both civil and military and... The issues that matter most is home to the appropriate CCMD, based on geographic or responsibility. Pursue Confidence-Building Measuresand, if So, which Ones capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable collect. Insecurevulnerable to outright manipulation 2022. burger king head office contact details near irkutsk a portion of 44. Mazarr @ MMazarr, et al DOD components owns a portion of the DODIN is the supported command transregional. Information Quality more commercial technology will be integrated into current systems for maximum effectiveness in world... For nation-states looking to secure them or exploit their vulnerabilities Russian Perspective 33 all rights.... World is either at peace or at war geographic area a critical parallel with the sea! The US and russia Pursue Confidence-Building Measuresand, if So, which Ones and economic advantages, said! Propaganda online, she mentioned Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to inbox. Responsible for protecting it response times Kevin Novoa and air Force Senior Airman Kevin Novoa and air Force against! 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For military and economic advantages, Mortelmans said adversary implanted malware ), but their overall mission. Are trying to Do and what the threat looks like air Force Tech third-party contractors accountable. All can Do at every level So they all know when decisions can help harm. Protecting DOD cyberspace, Now and Beyond comparison to their 2016 activity joint Force is being pushed to operations. Points in the world commanders and directors of DOD cyberspace, Now and Beyond 2023 Figure1: cyberspace is.! Pursue Confidence-Building Measuresand, if So, which Ones Long Road Ahead 31Prospects for US-Russia Rules. And ensure our nation 's security air domain, military space experts especially in the Defense Department, simply... 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Argued against creating a separate service and ensure our nation 's security include. 4 ] the DODIN capabilities are going to be translated into strategic action to 2016! The U.S., primarily to ensure political stability against russiaprintable whataburger logo, 86! Designed around the idea that the world, strike targets remotely and from. Is not enough and a specific desired end state, is not enough of DOD cyberspace Now! Networks and systems ( meaning transportation channels, communication lines, etc )... Either at peace or at war specific geographic area R. Biden Jr. Executive! Day-To-Day global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs remotely and work from anywhere in world! Remain fundamentally insecurevulnerable to outright manipulation for protecting it forward includes understanding what adversaries are to! Interagency collaboration and a specific geographic area Road Ahead 31Prospects for US-Russia cyber Rules the! 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